Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner (February 27, 1861 – March 30, 1925) studied natural sciences in Vienna and became the editor of Goethe’s Natural Scientific Writings. He created an epistemology of Goethe’s world view, in which he refuted Kant’s views, which still have an impact today; his doctoral thesis Truth and Science followed in 1891. His work The Philosophy of Freedom, published in 1894, demonstrates the spiritual-objective character of thought and establishes the cognitive and ethical autonomy of the human being. According to Steiner himself, this work contains the seeds for the spiritual science later known as anthroposophy. Due to the development of mental and spiritual organs of perception (see, among other things, How do you gain knowledge of the higher worlds?), this also includes the areas of the supersensible in the field of scientific research.
Steiner wrote around 30 works and gave over 6000 lectures.
Among other things, he spoke about the background to current events and pointed out the broad lines of Roman and Western politics. In 1919, he campaigned for the publication of Helmuth von Moltke’s notes in order to prevent a declaration of sole guilt against Germany, as was then enshrined in the Treaty of Versailles. He pointed out the alternative to the disintegrating nation state and had corresponding memoranda sent to the German and Austrian governments by students.
Steiner’s work within the Theosophical and later the Anthroposophical Society was aimed at systematically expanding the spiritual science he had founded. This not only stimulated the traditional sciences, but also led to the creation of the new art of movement, eurythmy, and to new impulses for social life (social threefolding). Pedagogy, agriculture and medicine as well as religious life also received completely new impulses, which gained increasing recognition in the 20th century. Rudolf Steiner developed a path of knowledge that allowed every human being to find a free, rational relationship to the real, spiritual world. Long before the “esoteric” New Age movement, he thus responded to a basic spiritual need of modern humanity in a way that corresponds to Western civilization, which is one-sidedly shaped by natural science and technology.